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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00229_Field_frep138.txt
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1996-12-30
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Similar results were found in
the macaque monkey for a
right-eye closure, as shown in
the photograph to the left.
Abnormal layers appear in the
left and right lateral geniculate
bodies (seen in cross section) of
a monkey whose right eye was
closed at age two weeks for
eighteen months. On both sides,
the layers receiving input from
the eye that was closed (the
right eye) are paler: layers 1, 4,
and 6 on the left; layers 2, 3,
and 5 on the right, numbered
from below. The cells in the
affected layers are smaller, but
this cannot be seen at such low
power. The width of the entire
structure is about 5
millimeters.
We thus faced a paradox that
took us a few years to explain: a
lateral geniculate whose cells
seemed relatively normal
physiologically but were
manifestly pathological
histologically. Our original
question was in any case
answered, since cortical cells,
although virtually
unresponsive to the closed eye,
were evidently receiving a
substantial and, on the face of
it, practically normal
geniculate input. This seemed
to exonerate both the eye and
the geniculate as primary sites
of the damage and placed the
main abnormality in the
cortex. When we looked at the
cortex histologically, we saw
absolutely nothing to suggest
any abnormality. As we will see,
the cortex does show
anatomical defects, but they do
not show up with these staining
methods.
We next asked what it was
about the eye closures that
produced the abnormality.
Closing the eye reduces the
light reaching the retina by a
factor of about ten to fifty; of
course, it also prevents any
images from reaching the
retina. Could it be simply the
reduction in light that was
causing the trouble? To help
decide, we inserted in one eye
of a newborn kitten an
opalescent contact lens made of
a plastic with the consistency
of a ping pong ball. In some
animals we instead surgically
sewed over one eye a thin,
translucent, opalescent
membrane, in effect, an extra
eyelid called the nictitating
membrane that cats possess and
we don't. The plastic or the
membrane reduced the light by
about one-half but prevented
the formation of any focused
images. The results were the
same: an abnormal cortical
physiology; an abnormal
geniculate histology. Evidently
it was the form deprivation
rather than light deprivation
that was doing the damage.